Buy Nembutal (Pentobarbital) Cas 76-74-4

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Pentobarbital (US) or pentobarbitone (British and Australian) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies.^[3] It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs.

In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. It is frequently used for veterinary euthanasia, and is used by some US states and the United States federal government for executions of convicted criminals by lethal injection.^[4] In some countries and states, it is also used for physician-assisted suicide.^[5][6]

Pentobarbital was developed by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern [de] at Abbott Laboratories in 1930.^[7] The drug was widely abused beginning in the late 1930s, and it is sometimes known as “yellow jackets” due to the yellow color of Nembutal-branded capsules.^[8]

Typical applications for pentobarbital are sedative, short term hypnotic, preanesthetic, insomnia treatment, and control of convulsions in emergencies.^[3] Abbott Pharmaceutical discontinued manufacture of their Nembutal brand of pentobarbital capsules in 1999, largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs.

Pentobarbital can reduce intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome, treat traumatic brain injury and induce coma in cerebral ischemia patients.^[9] Pentobarbital-induced coma has been advocated in patients with acute liver failure refractory to mannitol.^[10]

Pentobarbital is also used as a veterinary anesthetic agent and euthanasia drug.^[11]

Pentobarbital can cause death when used in high doses. It is used for euthanasia for humans as well as animals. It is taken alone, or in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia injectable solutions.^[5][6] As of 2021, the sodium salt of pentobarbital was considered the “drug of choice” for animal euthanasia in the United States and Canada.^[12]

In the Netherlands, pentobarbital is part of the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide for self-administration by the patient.^[13] It is given in liquid form, in a solution of sugar syrup and alcohol, containing 9 grams of pentobarbital. This is preceded by an antiemetic to prevent vomiting.^[13]

It is taken by mouth for physician-assisted death in the United States states of Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and California (as of January 2016).^[14][15] The oral dosage of pentobarbital indicated for physician-assisted suicide in Oregon is typically 10 g of liquid.^[14][15]

In Switzerland, sodium pentobarbital is administered to the patient intravenously. Once administered, sleep is induced within 30 seconds, and the heart stops beating within 3 minutes.^[16] Oral administration is also used. A Swiss pharmacist reported in 2022 that the dose for assisted suicide had been raised to 15 grams because with lower doses death was preceded by a coma of up to 10 hours in some cases.^[17]

Pentobarbital has been used or considered as a substitute for the barbiturate sodium thiopental used for capital punishment by lethal injection in the United States when that drug became unavailable.^[18] In 2011 the U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental stopped production, and importation of the drug proved impossible. Pentobarbital was used in a U.S. execution for the first time in December 2010 in Oklahoma, as part of a three-drug protocol.^[18] In March 2011 pentobarbital was used for the first time as the sole drug in a U.S. execution, in Ohio. Since then several states as well as the federal government have used pentobarbital for lethal injections; some use three-drug protocols and others use pentobarbital alone.

Pentobarbital is produced by the Danish company Lundbeck. Use of the drug for executions is illegal under Danish law, and when this was discovered, after public outcry in Danish media, Lundbeck stopped selling it to US states that impose the death penalty and prohibited US distributors from selling it to any customers, such as state authorities, that practice or participate in executions of humans.^[19]

Texas began using the single-drug pentobarbital protocol for executing death-row inmates on 18 July 2012,^[20] because of a shortage of pancuronium bromide, a muscle paralytic previously used as one component of a three-drug cocktail.^[20] In October 2013, Missouri changed its protocol to allow for pentobarbital from a compounding pharmacy to be used in a lethal dose for executions.^[21] It was first used in November 2013.^[22][23]

According to a December 2020 ProPublica article, by 2017 the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), in discussion with then Attorney General Jeff Sessions, had begun to search for suppliers of pentobarbital to be used in lethal injections. The BOP was aware that the use of pentobarbital as their “new drug choice” would be challenged in the courts because some lawyers had said that “pentobarbital would flood prisoners’ lungs with froth and foam, inflicting pain and terror akin to a death by drowning.” BOP claimed that these concerns were unjustified and that their two expert witnesses asserted that the use of pentobarbital was “humane”.^[24] On 25 July 2019, US Attorney General William Barr directed the federal government to resume capital punishment after 16 years,^[25] despite shortages of the compound caused by European Union restrictions and a lack of U.S. manufacturers.^[26] The federal protocol provides for intravenous administration of two syringes each containing 2.5 grams of pentobarbital sodium followed by a saline flush.

 

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Buy Nembutal (Pentobarbital) Cas 76-74-4

 

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